Thursday, July 20, 2017

Talk Nerdy to Me: My Year in Mensa

*I used quite a few tricks to find out how I was invited to Mensa, no luck. 
If this is your ambition, here's a post.


The first thing you need to know is that no one has a good reason for joining Mensa. Pretty much anyone who tries to join a high-IQ society does so, ultimately, because he or she is an insufferable jerk. Maybe years of bullying for being a mathlete or wearing argyle sweaters well into junior high has given the person an inferiority complex, or maybe he just wants a bumper sticker that lets everyone on I-95 know he’s a genius. Either way, it’s never for noble reasons, however hard someone might pretend otherwise.
My reasons for joining were as jerky as anyone’s. I may have couched them by pretending it was all in the name of a good magazine story—I would infiltrate this society of geniuses and take readers inside their strange little world—but if I’m being honest, it was also about having something to prove. I wanted a Mensa mug, and a pencil I could whip out during interviews to illustrate how bright I was. I wanted a membership card I could accidentally flash while paying for my In Touch and Us Weekly at CVS. Most of all, I wanted affirmation—the kind that can make up for years of being rejected by elite universities and elite jobs and not-so-elite boyfriends.
Who’s the dumb one now?
The answer, obviously, is me, because now I have to write about it, and my experiences in the Metropolitan Washington chapter of Mensa were the weirdest, most uncomfortable I’ve ever had, and that’s including the time I posed for the cover of a pre-Fifty Shades of Grey fantasy S&M novel in 2001 and even the time I was an intern at Vogue.
During my year as a Mensa member, I met a man sporting blond ringlets, lipstick, and a full beard; a knight in a suit of armor with chain mail he made me touch; a man I’m fairly sure knows all the nuclear codes; and a borderline racist. I lost at cryptograms; I managed to get out of attending a hot-tub party and chocolate “orgy”; and I left with the nagging suspicion that Mensa is where brilliant but very socially awkward people go to get laid. Get laid or play board games. Whichever they’re in the mood for.
These days, Mensa—a society for people whose IQs are in the 98th percentile (roughly 132 and over)—is an odd amalgam of Special Interest Groups (SIGs), food-and-drink-oriented meetups, and regional websites that look as if they were coded in the earliest days of the internet.
But when it was founded in 1946 by scientist Lancelot Ware and lawyer Roland Berrill, the pair hoped it would become a United Nations-like organization that would save the world—or at least foster intelligent debate. Even in those early days, though, the jerky aspect was there, as Ware’s obituary in the Economist attests. Berrill, an Australian expat living in England, had applied to study at Oxford University but had been rejected and had developed an unhealthy obsession with the institution. After serving as a chemist during World War II, Ware was a graduate student at Oxford. The two happened to strike up a conversation while sharing a train carriage.
“By the end of the journey, the two men, both lawyers, had formed a tentative interest in each other,” the article said. “They discussed cleverness. The Australian [Berrill] thought it could be measured by studying bumps in the head. Mr. Ware was a fan of intelligence tests and offered to give his new companion a test. The Australian did brilliantly well and was immensely pleased; no one had said he was clever before. Would it not be a splendid idea to bring together an aristocracy of gifted people to attend to the problems of the world?”
Thus was Mensa founded, and that summary is as telling as any: An eccentric man with low self-esteem finds out he’s good at puzzles, and a lifetime of grandiosity ensues. Berrill died in 1961, but Ware, after leaving the group for a short time, resumed a leadership position in the organization. “I found that people of high intelligence were people I had an easy rapport with,” he was quoted as saying in his New York Times obit, which concludes: “Mensa was still an organization in search of a purpose, and to some degree remains so today.”
I hit upon the idea of joining Mensa while reading the Wikipedia page of the actress Glenne Headly. You may know her from ER or Monk or Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, but for me she’ll always be Tess Trueheart from the 1990 movie Dick Tracy. (She was also married to John Malkovich for a time.) Headly was once a Mensa member.
About a year ago, that factoid piqued my interest/ego, and soon I was on the American Mensa web page, paying $18 to take an online home test. (It was 110 degrees outside and I was bored.) The 40-minute quiz—which has no official standing other than to tell you you’re probably not smart enough to be a Mensan without having to schlep to the suburbs to take a real test—includes math, problem solving, and a question about what relation Jane is to Anne if Jane is Anne’s mother’s brother’s daughter’s cousin’s aunt. Almost an hour of brain-scratching later, I discovered I’d scored 76 out of 80 and would most likely qualify for admission to a society of geniuses. It was by no means the worst $18 I’d spent online.
Here’s another jerky thing about Mensa: It’s free to take the official proctored test if you’re a journalist. (It costs lesser mortals $40 in addition to three hours of their otherwise perfectly good weekend.) Now, most journalists are egomaniacs with inferiority complexes about their paltry salaries who love nothing more than to be told they’re geniuses. We also have the ability to write about it and spread the gospel of Mensa all over our various publications. Google “Mensa” and you’ll find countless first-person accounts about taking the test. (The best part is when you scroll to the end to find out whether that person passed and you picture him wrestling with either false modesty or falsely cheerful nonchalance.)
I’ll spare you most of the details about the test. The highlights: It was in a public library in Odenton, Maryland, at 9 am on a Saturday, and the group of test takers was the most diverse group of people I’ve ever seen in one room. The proctor wore a Hawaiian shirt and told us he was sure we’d all pass. He handed out Mensa pencils (I was thrilled when we got to keep them) and informed us he was a member of a SIG called BLAM, which stands for Blazing, Lightly Armed Mensans. Once a month, he goes to a shooting range in Virginia with fellow Mensans and then retires to a nearby Denny’s, where he and his friends “eat until we’re sick.”
Around a month later, I got a letter informing me that I qualified for admission. As long as I was happy to shell out the $70 annual membership fee, I was in. I asked my editor if I could expense it—you know, for the story. He looked at me with a distinctly suspicious expression. “We’ll pay for the first year,” he said, “but after that it’s on you.”
Washington is filled with brainiacs. Where else can you find so many large institutions dedicated to people sitting around and thinking? Between NIH, NSA, the CIA, and other acronymic organizations, you can’t swing a dead cat without hitting a PhD. Yet out of the 120,000 people in the area who statistically qualify for Mensa membership (the top 2 percent here), only about 2,000 are members, meaning the other 118,000 have better things to do. As a Washington Post story put it: “Mensa is not just a society for highly intelligent people; it is a society for people who want to belong to a society that tells them they are highly intelligent.”
And yet. Like most people who were once teenagers, I’ve always struggled with feeling like an outsider. I wrote poems in middle school based on Greek mythology—and actually showed them to people. I played the Pink Panther theme on clarinet in my school’s talent contest while everyone else was singing Spice Girls covers. I once tried to learn the entirety of “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by heart because I like a challenge and I (mistakenly) thought it would be a neat party trick. I’m guarded about my personal space and was enthralled when I learned that at major gatherings Mensans wear “hug dots,” stickers that communicate how comfortable they are with being touched by strangers. Though I was alarmed by the eccentricity of the Capital M, the newsletter for members of Metropolitan Washington Mensa, I also wondered if I might find a place where I didn’t habitually feel like a freak.
The local chapter includes a special-interest group for nudists, which didn’t appeal to me, and a group for foodies called Gourmensans. Each month, there’s a Salon of Majestic Enlightenment, in which philosophers and aesthetes get together to debate life’s greater meaning at the Olive Garden. There’s usually a discussion about the paranormal organized by the parapsychology SIG and a potluck for new members at someone’s house.
I didn’t go to any of these. Instead, I signed up for the crown jewel—the 2012 regional gathering at the Hyatt near Dulles Airport. For three days each year, about 250 local Mensans get together in conference rooms in Northern Virginia and party. You can tell without even attending that they party, because the event has a theme—2012’s was the Renaissance period—and there’s karaoke, and even though everyone lives in Washington, most people book hotel rooms. The schedule included a hot-tub-and-pool party on Friday night, a Renaissance Man/Comely Wench contest on Saturday, and an 11 pm lecture on “potions, lotions, and notions designed to add spice to your love life,” titled “M-passioned M’s.”
When I arrived, the air in the Hyatt was thick with promise, from the wine gathering beads of condensation in coolers to the frilly red ribbon tied around my schedule, which someone had rolled into a scroll as if it were the Magna Carta. If you’ve ever seen the episode of HBO’s Real Sex in which the filmmakers go to a swingers’ convention (i.e., every episode of HBO’s Real Sex), it was like that, only with costumes instead of nudity.
I got there late on Saturday afternoon, when everyone had already made friends at the previous night’s hot-tub party, which left me feeling like the kid in middle school who arrives midway through the semester, when all the good desks are taken, and everyone makes fun of his haircut. I’d missed the one event I might actually have had a fighting chance at—competitive sudoku—so I walked through the main recreation room, where the smell of hazelnut coffee wafted through the air and people looked up at me in a faintly suspicious way, and settled down in the games room, sitting at an empty table and picking up a pen to fill in an abandoned number puzzle. It was one of the loneliest moments of my life.
About a half dozen people were playing cryptograms across the room, and just as I was starting to hate myself for being so awkward that I can’t even make friends at a Mensa convention, one of them came over and invited me to join in. I was grateful enough that I didn’t even care when I lost every game. (Cryptograms are hard, and it was my first time and I was playing with geniuses.) I made jokes about how dumb I was and no one laughed, because they were all thinking the same thing. After a few rounds, the group dispersed and I was alone again. I went back to the main room and poured myself some hazelnut coffee, which tasted like despair.
In the Rockbridge Room across the hall, a research professor from the Institute for Applied Space Research at George Washington University named Joe Pelton was giving a lecture on megacities, which sounded interesting, or at least more interesting than “Earning Airline Miles (for the Obsessive Compulsive),” which was going on next door. The air conditioning hummed, and the chairs were those ubiquitous hotel-wedding ones with brass legs and red faux-velvet seats.
Pelton attempted to deliver his lecture about megacities and the impact of overpopulation on the environment but kept getting interrupted by a woman in the front row. We know, Pelton said, that riding a bicycle is far better for the environment than driving a car and eating chicken is better than eating red meat. “Vegetarianism,” the woman said, managing to speak both loudly and under her breath. “Being a vegetarian is the best. Being a vegetarian is the best. Vegetarianism.”
Washingtonian.

Social Security tips for singles




Key takeaways
✔ The longer you delay Social Security, the higher your monthly benefits.
✔ Divorced: Your benefit can be based on your ex-spouse’s work history.
✔ Widowed: Consider claiming survivor’s benefits or your own, and switch later.
✔ Consider all your income sources when making a decision on Social Security.
Figuring out when and how to take Social Security can be a complicated decision, even if you are single. Here are some strategies to consider to help make the most of your Social Security benefits if you’re widowed, divorced, or have never married. 
First, some basics
You can start taking Social Security, receiving reduced benefits, when you reach age 62, rather than waiting until your full retirement age (FRA). FRA ranges from 65 to 67, depending on when you were born. (See your full retirement ageOpens in a new window.) If you take benefits before you reach FRA, Social Security will reduce your monthly payments. If you delay collecting until you reach FRA, the amount of your monthly benefit will increase until you reach age 70.
Generally, the longer you delay taking Social Security, the higher your monthly benefits may be, and the gains from waiting can often be significant. Indeed, millions of Americans could help ensure a brighter financial future for themselves simply by hitting the pause button on Social Security for a few years.
Of course, if you wait to collect, you may not live long enough to enjoy the added value of increased payments. Because none of us knows when we will die, you need to make some reasonable assumptions about your life span, based on your health and family history. To help you estimate when you may break even, use the Social Security Administration Retirement EstimatorOpens in a new window.
Tip: To learn about trends in aging and people living longer, read Viewpoints: "Longevity and retirement"
If you are single
Some people want to retire as soon as they can for health reasons. But if you don't need to, consider what you may be giving up if you take Social Security at age 62. Taking benefits before your FRA can cost you now and in the future.
Consider the following hypothetical example. Colleen’s FRA is 66. If she starts taking benefits at age 62, she will get $1,500 a month. If she waits until she is 66 (her FRA) to collect, she will receive 33% more, or $2,000 a month. If she waits until age 70, her benefits will increase another 32%, to $2,640 a month.1 And if she were to live to age 89, her lifetime benefits would be about $47,000, or 13%, greater than if she had waited until age 70 to collect benefits.2 (Note: All figures are in today’s dollars and before tax; the actual benefit would be adjusted for inflation and would possibly be subject to income tax.)
But that is only part of the story. If you are working, you don’t have to live on your savings. And if you stop working full time and leave a job with good pay and benefits, it may be difficult to ever regain that level of compensation if you need to return to work later. Also, as you approach retirement, you’re often at the peak of your earnings and your ability to build retirement savings. Keep working and you can make “catch-up” contributions to tax-deferred workplace savings plans. Catch-up contributions enable you to set aside larger amounts of money for retirement. For example, the limit on pretax contributions to 401(k) plans is $18,000 in 2016-2017, but if you are age 50 or older, you can invest an additional $6,000 each year. Note: These amounts are subject to cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs).

5 ways to get up to speed on information and technology


Cloud computing, big data, user engagement, consumerization—every few months, there’s a new trend in information technology. Every year, there are new innovative technologies and products coming out on the market.

IT is constantly evolving—and fast. It’s important to keep up with the latest technologies in order to stay relevant in the world of IT. If you’ve been out of the workforce for a while, been too busy to keep up with new developments, or are worried that your information technology knowledge might be outdated for any other reason, it’s time to get up to speed.
Get back ahead of the curve with these five tips. They’ll get you up to date in no time so you can feel more confident in your IT knowledge and skills.

Subscribe to Technical Magazines

Tech magazines are great printed resources. Although books are also an effective learning outlet, they can get outdated quickly, which isn’t too useful in the tech world. Since new magazine editions come out quarterly or monthly, you’ll always be up to date on the current happenings in the tech world so you can keep your knowledge as current as possible. PC Magazine, GizMag, ComputerWorld, and T3 are great options to check out.
You can also check online to see if the magazines you want to subscribe to are offered in a digital format. Often, the online version will provide you with the same information but may be offered at a lower price or even for free.

Take Some Online Training

The web is an awesome place. You can find training on a wide variety of different information technology topics through online tutorials, web casts, demos, and online courses offered through colleges. Web-based training is often free, always up to date, and readily accessible, making it easy for you to increase your knowledge across various technology disciplines when you have free time. You’ll be knee-deep in the latest tech in no time. All you have to do is start with a simple Google search. 

Read Tech Blogs

Although often less thorough and perhaps lacking clarity, blogs are updated regularly, sometimes even once or twice a day. You won’t be reading articles that are old and outdated. If you follow some of the most popular tech blogs, like Engadget, ReadWriteWeb, and TechCrunch, you’ll be sure to know about the latest news, statistics, and trends as soon as they become available. From shopping gadgets to collaboration tools and the latest information technology for business and personal use, you’ll be up to speed in no time. You’ll even be able to read comments or provide your own if you have questions or feedback. Information technology podcasts and forums are also great avenues to check out in your quest for IT knowledge.

Keep up on Social Media

Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook—all of these social media sites can keep you in the loop on the latest information technology news. Follow some influential thought leaders in the industry and you’ll be able to stay up to date on a daily basis, all while you catch up with your friends and family. You won’t have to go out of your way to increase your knowledge—everything will just pop up in your newsfeed for you to check out.

Try to Be Open to New Experiences

When you’re at work or at play, many people choose to jump on projects that they already understand and are familiar with. But you won’t learn anything new this way. You need to challenge yourself by being open to new tech experiences. Work with programs you’re not well versed in or try to fix complex problems you’ve never tackled before. You should be proactive in your search for new information technology knowledge, skills, and experience, if you want to not only stay up to speed but also stay ahead of the curve.
John Brandwagt
John is a Practice Leader at Inteqna. He’s been working in IT Search in Calgary since 1997. He works best with selective job seekers—those who excel at what they do and enjoy their current jobs. Since they don’t have time to look for themselves, he helps them find their dream jobs. From a client perspective, he helps organizations find the talent that will propel their business. John is involved in several of Calgary’s technical user groups and has held board roles in non-profit groups. He is a single dad of four boys who try to beat him at every physical activity from hiking to rugby.

China tech workers asleep on the job

With the bosses blessing

BEIJING (Reuters) - Dai Xiang has slept his way to the top.

The 40-year-old Beijinger got his start as an engineer, pulling 72-hour shifts at a machinery company while catching naps on the floor.

After a switch to the tech industry and around 15 years of catching naps on desks and other flat surfaces, Dai co-founded his own cloud computing firm, BaishanCloud, last year.

One of his first orders of business - installing 12 bunk beds in a secluded corner of the office.

"For technology, it's more of a brain activity. Workers need time to find inspiration," Dai said. "Our rest area isn't just for sleeping at night, the midday is also OK."

Office workers sleeping on the job has long been a common sight in China, where inefficiency and a surplus of cheap labor can give workers plenty of downtime in many industries.

But China's technology sector is different. Business is booming faster than many start-up firms can hire new staff, forcing workers to burn the midnight oil to meet deadlines.

"The pace of Chinese internet company growth is extremely fast. I've been to the U.S. and the competitive environment there isn't as intense as in China," said Cui Meng, general manager and co-founder of start-up data company Goopal.

The company's programmers, in particular, work overtime every day, he said. To get them through, they are allowed to sleep around lunchtime and after 9 p.m., either facedown at their desk or by commandeering the sofa or a beanbag chair.


At its most extreme, some tech company employees even live at the office during the work week.

Liu Zhanyu at DouMiYouPin, a recruitment and human resources platform, bunks down in a converted conference room Monday-to-Friday to avoid the daily commute of more than an hour to his home in Beijing's far eastern suburbs.

The head of the "large clients" department usually retires to the room shared with one or two others between midnight and 3 a.m.

Full > http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-workers-sleep-idUSKCN0Y12TB

And it's all around you

*Inspired by thoughts of reverse osmosis.

Why don't we get our drinking water from the ocean by taking the salt out of seawater?


Even with all of the water in Earth's oceans, we satisfy less than half a percent of human water needs with desalinated water.* We currently use on the order of 960 cubic miles (4,000 cubic kilometers) of freshwater a year, and overall there's enough water to go around. There is increasing regional scarcity, though.
So why don't we desalinate more to alleviate shortages and growing water conflicts?
The problem is that the desalination of water requires a lot of energySaltdissolves very easily in water, forming strong chemical bonds, and those bonds are difficult to break. Energy and the technology to desalinate water are both expensive, and this means that desalinating water can be pretty costly.
It's hard to put an exact dollar figure on desalination—this number varies wildly from place to place, based on labor and energy costs, land prices, financial agreements, and even the salt content of the water. It can cost from just under $1 to well over $2 to produce one cubic meter (264 gallons) of desalted water from the ocean. That's about as much as two people in the U.S. typically go through in a day at home.
But switch the source to a river or an aquifer, and the cost of a cubic meter of water can plummet to 10 to 20 cents, and farmers often pay far less.
That means it's still almost always cheaper to use local freshwater than to desalinate seawater. This price gap, however, is closing. For example, meeting growing demand by finding a new source of water or by building a new dam in a place like California could cost up to 60 cents per cubic meter of water.
And sometimes these traditional means of “harvesting” water are no longer available. As such, this cost figure is expected to continue to rise, which is why California is now seriously considering desalination and why the city of Tampa, Fla., decided to build the biggest desalination plant in the U.S.
The International Desalination Association says that as of 2007 there were about 13,000 desalination plants operating around the world. They pumped out approximately 14.7 billion gallons (55.6 billion liters) of drinkable freshwater a day. A lot of these plants are in countries like Saudi Arabia, where energy from oil is cheap but water is scarce.
So how is energy used to separate salt from water?
There are two basic methods for breaking the bonds in saltwater: thermal distillation and membrane separation. Thermal distillation involves heat: Boiling water turns it into vapor—leaving the salt behind—that is collected and condensed back into water by cooling it down.
The most common type of membrane separation is called reverse osmosis. Seawater is forced through a semipermeable membrane that separates salt from water. Because the technology typically requires less energy than thermal distillation, most new plants, like Tampa's, now use reverse osmosis.
There are environmental costs of desalination, as well. Sea life can get sucked into desalination plants, killing small ocean creatures like baby fish and plankton, upsetting the food chain. Also, there's the problem of what to do with the separated salt, which is left over as a very concentrated brine. Pumping this supersalty water back into the ocean can harm local aquatic life. Reducing these impacts is possible, but it adds to the costs.
Despite the economic and environmental hurdles, desalination is becoming increasingly attractive as we run out of water from other sources. We are overpumping groundwater, we have already built more dams than we can afford economically and environmentally, and we have tapped nearly all of the accessible rivers.
Far more must be done to use our existing water more efficiently, but with the world's population escalating and the water supply dwindling, the economic tide may soon turn in favor of desalination.
The Pacific Institute is an Oakland, Calif.–based, nonprofit think tank devoted to solving the world's water needs. The organization reviewed these issues in depth in a 2006 report entitled “Desalination, with a Grain of Salt.” Peter Gleick also authored a book in 2000 called The World's Water, in which he and his colleagues explore desalination and other topics.
Peter Gleick

Facebook found fake accounts leaking stolen info to sway presidential election



Facebook says some groups tried to use its platform to sway the outcome of the U.S. presidential election.
In a case study of the 2016 presidential election, the company said it found several instances of "information operations," its term for governments and organizations who attempt to sway political opinion by spreading fake news and other nefarious tactics.
The case study was included in Facebook's white paper on "information operations." It also detailed ways it was combating "fake news" and other misinformation spread by adding new technologies and creating more security features.
The company did not specify who the targets were or who was behind the attacks. However, it said its own findings do "not contradict" the U.S. Director of National Intelligence report on Jan. 6. The report was on Russian efforts to influence the election, and claimed Russian President Vladimir Putin was behind a campaign to get his "clear preference," Donald Trump into the White House.
Although it said it saw no evidence that accounts were hacked during the election, Facebook said it saw malicious accounts making people aware of stolen information from sources like email accounts, with the intent the data could be used to tarnish specific political figures. It also detected fake accounts created to share this private information, as well as pages to further propagate news accounts sharing the stolen content. Because of the boost in attention, other real accounts began to share the private information as well, Facebook said.
Facebook also acknowledged it saw groups using fake accounts to share false information, but said the effects of these efforts were "marginal." NBC News and other publications reported how users in other countries earned money during the presidential election season by writing fake news meant to appeal to Trump supporters, posting links to that content Facebook and collecting money from advertisements that appeared on the sites.
Overall, Facebook does not think any of these efforts had much effect on the outcome of the election, writing, "while we acknowledge the ongoing challenge of monitoring and guarding against information operations, the reach of known operations during the US election of 2016 was statistically very small compared to overall engagement on political issues.

What is Trend-Driven Innovation?


Business success is ultimately about answering one simple question correctly:
What are your customers going to want next?
Business leaders, entrepreneurs, innovators, and marketers obsess over this question. The problem? The received wisdom on how to answer it is wrong.
One traditional approach to finding answers focuses on getting ever closer to customers (or potential customers). Spend more time with them, create ever more detailed personas, drill down into their unique socio-cultural context and you’ll be able to reveal what they want. And yes, it’s undeniable that these kinds of ethnographic fieldwork can yield deep insights. But obtaining these insights is hard, not to mention time-consuming and expensive.
An alternative is to simply ask people what they’d like (aka traditional market research). Yet everyone knows there is often a huge gap between what consumers say and what they do. Plus explicit questioning often struggles to capture newly emerging expectations and points of tension that people might not even recognize yet. As Steve Jobs famously said:
Our job is to figure out what they’re going to want before they do. . .  People don’t know what they want until you show it to them. That’s why I never rely on market research. Our task is to read things that are not yet on the page.
A further approach is to analyze what people actually do. The last decade has seen vast amounts of attention (and money) flow to these quantitative data-driven solutions. The promise is clear: collect ever bigger/better/faster data and you’ll uncover previously invisible or inaccessible insights about customers’ behavior.
Of course, data is incredibly valuable. It would be ridiculous to suggest otherwise. But often data-driven innovation is incremental in nature. Data is fantastic at validation and optimization, but less successful at generating the radical and unconventional connections that underpin many truly novel and disruptive innovations.

Enter, a radical new way to answer to the ultimate business question…

Talking about ‘trends’ often confuses people (are we talking about fashion? new technologies? what’s #trending?) but simply put, our entire business is based around a powerful, counterintuitive truth: in a business arena characterized by relentless change and hyper-competition to anticipate what people will want next, stop looking at customers and start to look at businesses. Specifically look at the brands, startups or innovations that are setting customer expectations around what is possible, desirable or simply ‘normal’ and use these — and the insights you can draw from them — to anticipate what your customers will want next.
This innovation-led approach generates compelling new answers to the ultimate business question by tapping into three often-overlooked perspectives.
First, customers’ future needs and wants are shaped by what they experience — and what’s delighting them — now. Consumers use Apple devices and enjoy the seamlessness of them ‘just working’. They walk into an H&M store to find racks of ‘good enough’ quality clothing at rock bottom prices. They travel economy class on Singapore Airlines and receive first-class service.
But these experiences don’t then simply sit neatly within customers’ mobile/fashion/retail/travel mental silos (as they do in the minds of many business professionals). Instead, someone riding in a car will wish the in-car entertainment system is as intuitive to use as their iPhone. Someone browsing beauty products will expect to find that sweet spot of price and quality. Someone stopping for a coffee will bristle at anything less than first-class customer service. Indeed, once people have experienced Apple’s design, H&M’s affordability, or Singapore Airlines’ level of service, it’s hard to tolerate ‘normal’ (i.e. lower) standards.
The scariest part of this whole scenario (for businesses) is that with information traveling more freely than ever, there is an almost instant and universal familiarity with the standards set by the best-in-class. Customer expectations are often raised without someone even needing to personally experience ‘the best’, but merely through knowing what the ‘best’ represents.
Second, innovation-led trend spotting is a powerful way to tap the collective intelligence of the business crowd.
Every new business venture is a bet on the future. Anyone launching a new brand, product or service is looking to cater to both current and anticipatedfuture customer needs and wants. And in today’s world of perpetual disruption and exponential change, there are more bets being placed than ever before. But find multiple actors (preferably in a variety of sectors and/or markets) that are placing similar bets, and you can start to move from mere insight towards actionable foresight as to where customers are headed.
That means being alert as to how the redefinition of customers’ experience of access and ownership illustrated by Airbnb and Spotify will apply to other businesses; how the convenient, transparent, on-demand economy represented by Uber and Amazon will impact expectations in every industry; how messaging apps like WeChat and Line have shifted from tools for communication into essential lifestyle platforms; or indeed how any of the recent innovations featured in our 5 Trends for 2016 will (re)define customer expectations of what businesses offer and how they should behave.
Third, novel, niche or ‘ridiculous’ real-world innovations are often weak signals of future mainstream behaviors. From Facebook to Snapchat, Netflix to Zipcar, Seventh Generation to Tesla, the business world is full of examples of new entrants that ‘senior’ (in both senses of the word!) executives initially dismissed as frivolous or uninteresting.
Successful trend-driven innovation is about isolating and decoding the underlying behaviors — even those that feel irrelevant, extreme or a little ‘out there’ — and understanding which have potential to be applied more widely. And then launching brands, products and services that reflect these new expectations.
Think back to that Steve Jobs quote:
Our job is to figure out what they’re going to want before they do. . . People don’t know what they want until you show it to them. That’s why I never rely on market research. Our task is to read things that are not yet on the page.
Looking at disruptive, expectation-setting innovations helps you to read what’s not yet on the pages for your customers. Look at what other business are showing people. Read what’s on those pages. And then write your own.
Henry Mason is the co-author of Trend-Driven Innovation, a deep dive into the core of our methodology here at TrendWatching, as well as an acclaimed keynote speaker.
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Compiling and Linking Explained

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When programmers talk about creating programs, they often say, "it compiles fine" or, when asked if the program works, "let's compile it and see". This colloquial usage might later be a source of confusion for new programmers. Compiling isn't quite the same as creating an executable file! Instead, creating an executable is a multistage process divided into two components: compilation and linking. In reality, even if a program "compiles fine" it might not actually work because of errors during the linking phase. The total process of going from source code files to an executable might better be referred to as a build


Compilation

Compilation refers to the processing of source code files (.c, .cc, or .cpp) and the creation of an 'object' file. This step doesn't create anything the user can actually run. Instead, the compiler merely produces the machine language instructions that correspond to the source code file that was compiled. For instance, if you compile (but don't link) three separate files, you will have three object files created as output, each with the name <filename>.o or <filename>.obj (the extension will depend on your compiler). Each of these files contains a translation of your source code file into a machine language file -- but you can't run them yet! You need to turn them into executables your operating system can use. That's where the linker comes in. 

Linking

Linking refers to the creation of a single executable file from multiple object files. In this step, it is common that the linker will complain about undefined functions (commonly, main itself). During compilation, if the compiler could not find the definition for a particular function, it would just assume that the function was defined in another file. If this isn't the case, there's no way the compiler would know -- it doesn't look at the contents of more than one file at a time. The linker, on the other hand, may look at multiple files and try to find references for the functions that weren't mentioned. 

You might ask why there are separate compilation and linking steps. First, it's probably easier to implement things that way. The compiler does its thing, and the linker does its thing -- by keeping the functions separate, the complexity of the program is reduced. Another (more obvious) advantage is that this allows the creation of large programs without having to redo the compilation step every time a file is changed. Instead, using so called "conditional compilation", it is necessary to compile only those source files that have changed; for the rest, the object files are sufficient input for the linker. Finally, this makes it simple to implement libraries of pre-compiled code: just create object files and link them just like any other object file. (The fact that each file is compiled separately from information contained in other files, incidentally, is called the "separate compilation model".) 

To get the full benefits of condition compilation, it's probably easier to get a program to help you than to try and remember which files you've changed since you last compiled. (You could, of course, just recompile every file that has a timestamp greater than the timestamp of the corresponding object file.) If you're working with an integrated development environment (IDE) it may already take care of this for you. If you're using command line tools, there's a nifty utility called make that comes with most *nix distributions. Along with conditional compilation, it has several other nice features for programming, such as allowing different compilations of your program -- for instance, if you have a version producing verbose output for debugging. 

Knowing the difference between the compilation phase and the link phase can make it easier to hunt for bugs. Compiler errors are usually syntactic in nature -- a missing semicolon, an extra parenthesis. Linking errors usually have to do with missing or multiple definitions. If you get an error that a function or variable is defined multiple times from the linker, that's a good indication that the error is that two of your source code files have the same function or variable. 

By Alex Allain

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