Wednesday, July 19, 2017

Voltage Levels – Confused?


I was having a conversation the other day about voltage levels.  While everyone was in agreement that low voltage was 1000 V and less, there was more confusion on the terms 'Medium Voltage' and 'High Voltage'.  
Our attempt to resolve this was to look at IEC60038 "Standard Voltages", 20002.  This didn't help in that the standard does not define the terms 'Low Voltage', 'Medium Voltage', etc.  However, what the standard does do is group voltages into bands and this is useful.
Contents  [hide]
  1. IEC 60038 Standard
    1. A.C. systems 100 V to 1000 V
    2. A.C and D.C traction systems
    3. A.C. systems above 1 kV to 35 kV
    4. A.C. systems above 35 kV to 230 kV
    5. A.C. systems above 245 kV
  2. Back to the problem
  3. Related Links

IEC 60038 Standard

The standard defines the following bands:
  • band 1 - A.C. systems 100 V to 1000 V
  • band 2 - A.C and D.C traction systems
  • band 3 - A.C. systems above 1 kV to 35 kV
  • band 4 - A.C. systems above 35 kV to 230 kV
  • band 5 - A.C. systems above 245 kV

A.C. systems 100 V to 1000 V

50 Hz three phase systems 230/400, 400/690 and 1000 V 
60 Hz three phase systems 120/208, 240, 277/480, 480, 347/600 and 600 V 
60 Hz Single phase three wire systems 120/240 V
Supply voltage range ±10 % at the supply terminals 
Supply terminal to final equipment maximum 4% voltage drop

A.C and D.C traction systems

D.C. systems 600, 750, 1500, 3000 V 
A.C. systems 6250, 15000, 25000 V
600 V and 6250 V are non preferred and should not be used if possible

A.C. systems above 1 kV to 35 kV

50 Hz systems - a) 3.3, 6.6, 11, 22, 33 kV 
50 Hz systems - b) 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 35 kV 
60 Hz systems - c) 4.16, 12.47, 13.2, 13.8, 24.94, 34.5 kV
It is recommended that either (a) or (b) be used, not both

A.C. systems above 35 kV to 230 kV

Series I - 45, 66, 110, 132, 150, 220 kV 
Series II - 69, 115, 138, 230 kV
Only one series should be used in each country

A.C. systems above 245 kV

Not being an expert on higher voltages the table was a little confusing to me, so I'm not going to try and summarise it.

Back to the problem

The standard didn't answer the original question, but it did provide useful background.    I would now be tempted to classify 'Low Voltage' as less than 1 kV, 'Medium Voltage' as above 1 kV to 35 kV and 'High Voltage' as 35 kV to 230 kV (with ultra high or extra high above 230 kV).   Feedback, comments or further insight into this is welcome.

CSD Fairless Gland


The New CSD Fairless Gland has been engineered as a joint venture between CSD Sealing Systems and the original naval Fairless Gland manufacturer with production and design input from BAE Systems in Portsmouth.
The CSD Fairless Glands are available as either: Standard through bulkhead and deck penetrations or EMC/EMP versions for Grade A and Grade B EMC areas and external weather decks and bulkheads.View more photos
The Glands will be used primarily as weather deck penetrations for naval ships, operating in extremely harsh marine environments around the world, therefore careful consideration has been given to the materials used and compatibility to prevent galvanic corrosion, ensuring through life capability.
The glands can also provide an EMC/EMP seal when required. To provide an EMC/EMP seal the braid of the cable is exposed, an electrical contact is made by wrapping a conductive knitted mesh around the cable. The cable and the knitted mesh are pushed into the penetration. A CSD Dynatite plug is pushed into the gland, compressing the knitted mesh against the cable braid and the body of the gland ensuring a good electrical contact.
The CSD Dynatite plug provides a fire and environmental watertight Seal (pressure rated in excess of 10 Bar) .The plug is encapsulated by a brass end cap.


CSD Fairless Gland Bodies
  • Aluminium  5083 for welding or bolting using aluminium washer, lock nut and end cap into aluminium structures. These will be painted on external faces but not internal.
  • Stainless Steel 316 for extremely harsh environments, welded or bolted into carbon steel grade D deck. Stainless Steel 316 washer, lock nut and end cap.
  • Mild Steel 070M20 with an electroless nickel plated coating welded or bolted into carbon steel grade D deck. These are painted on external face but not internal. The locking nut and end cap are Naval Brass CZ112
Knitted Mesh
There is a choice of wire mesh including: Monel, Tin Plated Copper Clad Steel (TCS) Stainless Steel & Aluminium. The choice of wire mesh material allows for a good galvanic match with mating surfaces, thereby limiting the possibility of corrosion. 
We also have a highly conductive mouldable rubber – CONDUCTON Flexible rubber used within the RISE EMC version that can be used as the EMC seal.
Cable Braid
The exposed braid of the cable is normally Tinned Copper Wire
Conduit Adaptors
Standard and custom made conduit adaptors, allow conduit to be connected directly to gland.

The Difference Between Half and Full Duplex Explained


"Duplex" simply means you're able to send and receive data (most often the human voice) from the same device whether that be with your phone, 2-way radio, or PC.
Half-duplex devices let you send and receive, but only one-way at a time. If you've ever used a walkie-talkie, then you know what half-duplex conversations sound like. You have to push the TALK button to send your message. But as long as you are holding the TALK key, you can't hear what anyone else is saying. You must release the button to receive.
That's the big problem with the old-fashioned speakerphone: it's only a step up from a walkie-talkie. In essence, it pushes a virtual TALK button every time you start to speak and cuts off the person on the other end. When you've finished speaking, the speakerphone then transmits what the person on the other end is saying. Those cut-off sentences and stop-start conversations can be frustrating to say the least. Two-way radio etiquette has you saying "over" when you're finished speaking so whoever's on the other end knows they can begin speaking. Can you imagine having to do the same on all your business calls?

Enter full duplex
Actually, full duplex is nothing new. In fact, you already know exactly what it sounds like. Your corded or cordless phones are full-duplex devices letting you and your caller speak simultaneously without any dropouts in either one of your voices.
It's when you use a hands-free speakerphone that you really appreciate full duplex. Conventional speakerphones must shut the speaker off when the mic is activated so as not to pick up your caller's voice and transmit it along with yours causing an echo effect. When you speak, you can't hear what your caller is saying. This problem is really compounded if both of you are using conventional speakerphones. A full-duplex device digitizes the signal coming out of its speaker (your caller's voice). It then edits this info out of the signal it's transmitting (your voice) using a built-in digital processor similar to those found in PCs. This eliminates echo effect and more importantly, does away with the on-off mic/speaker dilemma. Full-duplex devices do all of this virtually instantaneously so your calls sound natural and free-flowing. It's this technology that differentiates high-end conferencing systems from ordinary, half-duplex speakerphones.

What's "digital duplex"?
Panasonic is trying to rectify the sometimes awful, always annoying half-duplex sound quality typical of conventional speakerphones by using what they call Digital Duplex technology. While it doesn't quite deliver the same sound quality as full duplex, the special digital circuitry does help reduce the echo and dropout effects.

What about talking on the internet?
If you're using your PC to talk on the internet, it's best to install a full-duplex sound card in your PC. Because internet talk has a host of obstacles specific to the medium it must overcome—bandwidth, internet traffic, connection speed—why add the frustration of stop-start, half-duplex conversations? The time and cost of a full-duplex sound card are worth it.

Dry Air Systems

*Remember my post to new bloggers and website owners about being honest to earn credibility?
 I was recently emailed by someone asking, "How do you know all this". The truth is, "I have no clue". I worked in the industry for years and I paid more attention to the trades around me than I did my own trade which started in electrical. In a nutshell, I just remember how it works and I turn to the professional writers (Book smart people seldom got hired) to convey the message that I can't articulate.
*For example, "I was looking for Navy vessel dry air dome systems" when I found the information minus the sea water and it's the same thing with a tweak.


The Royal Air Force (RAF) uses a highly modified version of the McDonnell Douglas Phantom F4 for both defense interception as well as low-level attack and reconnaissance missions. With more than 70 such aircraft in service around the world, those deployed to the South Atlantic found a general increase in the level of corrosion, specifically to engine, radar and avionics.

To combat these problems, a dry air method of dehumidification was developed for selective application directly to key components of the aircraft. For delivery, it was determined that the equipment requirement was for a robust, compact and simple to operate unit, with dry air hose connections that were uncomplicated, quick to use and required no physical modification of the aircraft.

A simple two-wheeled towable trolley dehumidifier unit was chosen, with storage space for hoses and fittings that connected to the two aircraft engines, radome/avionics and cockpit area to provide approximately 17.5scfm of dry air to each area. Disconnection could occur within five minutes per aircraft and humidity levels were constantly monitored to an RH level of less than 35% within an hour after activation.

The result was a significant increase in both the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) as well as the Mean Time Between Arisings (MTBA), with a reduction in man-hour operating costs of approximately 27% for first line fault arisings. Complete return on investment was projected to occur within an impressive five months of implementation and resulted in a formal recommendation to extend system use to the entire fleet of Phantom aircraft.

5: Floating Point Numbers, Successive Refinement, Finding Roots

*This is one aspect I never fully grasped myself so let's learn together.


Completely interactive > http://tinyurl.com/yadsrzxv

A free tech demo on how to advertise your skill set or products.

*As promised I set up a Facebook landing page which you can do yourself.

 - First, create the page.
 - You can use what you like but I set up the, "Learn More" button as a link back to here.

 - Take the time during setup to establish a URL designation: https://www.facebook.com/GSESN/
 - Describe your services, needs, desires, whatever it is you wish to achieve. (Once again I can do all this stuff but I'm far from being the greatest teacher)
 - Place hyperlinks on similar pages our within groups that you are accepted to and gain more exposure. (You will find that as you hyperlink on FB, its system will show you a picture of your blog or site. Keep clicking the (x) in the top of the upper hand corner of the pic and you can add your own or simply add a pic to diminish the visual of your linked page)


 This is something to play around with that will provide you tons of experience along with notoriety, money, exposure or whatever you're seeking.

 I'm such a horrible teacher, are you ready to go back to letting others describe these things? Great.

What is Firmware?


Simply said, firmware is software that makes hardware work. Firmware consists of programs written by software developers to make hardware devices "tick". Without firmware, most of the electronic devices we use daily wouldn't be able to work. Firmware is the software responsible for allowing our hardware devices to communicate with each other and do what they are supposed to do.
For example, did you know that a simple traffic light has firmware on it? Yes it does and the firmware is what tells it to change the lights at regular intervals. Without firmware, the traffic light would be just a "stupid" mast, placed on the side of the road, doing nothing except looking pretty.


To make things even clearer, let's take another example: a computer motherboard without firmware wouldn't know how to detect the hard drives or the Blu-Ray drive that's found inside your computer. If your drives didn't have firmware embedded in them, they wouldn't know how fast to spin or when to stop. A wireless network card wouldn't know how to use a certain radio frequency and a smartphone wouldn't know how to power on. And so, and so on.


Can Firmware Be Upgraded?

Most manufacturers release regular updates for the firmware found on their hardware devices. They will also provide the necessary software tools to write the new firmware onto those devices. However, each manufacturer can choose whether it releases a new firmware for a certain device, or not. For instance, most computer parts manufacturers develop and provide customers with new firmware and the corresponding firmware updaters, at least for a few years after the device was launched

To give you an example, the manufacturer of your motherboard can release new firmware updates when it wants to include new features, support new types of CPUs or RAM memory, or when it wants to solve specific problems with your hardware.
Any manufacturer can choose to deliver new firmware for its devices: a router can receive a firmware update that enhances its stability, a DVD writer can learn how to burn new types of discs and so on.
As far as where from to get new firmware, that depends on your hardware device manufacturer. Usually, you can find new firmware (if available) on your your device's support website. Look for a download page, download your new firmware and be careful to follow the upgrade documentation offered by the device manufacturer.

Writing new firmware on your device is a treacherous job and, if done incorrectly, can render your device useless. Forever! Like a brick! That's why some people tell you that you bricked your device: you just ruined its firmware and it can no longer function as it was intended to.

Conclusion

And now you know what firmware is, what it does and where it's found. Was our explanation good enough? Do you understand this concept? Do you have any questions or you just want to wish us well? Don't hesitate to use the comments form below and let us know.

New Blog / Site Owners

*Do yourself the biggest favor of them all > What ever you say you are going to do from day 1, simply do it. If you decide to change anything in a drastic way, send out notices months ahead of time.
 People will appreciate your honesty, respect and loyalty. This is how you gain your credibility and that alone will keep your viewers interested in what you blog.
 If I think of more ways to assist you in achieving your goals I'll share them.


Reverse IP Address Lookup

*I have read article after article that claim reverse IP address lookup does not work. I wonder if they're referring to actually placing myself at certain street address? They would be correct if this is their meaning / it will not work.
 Does any one know their copper run limits / cat 5, 5e, 6, 7, 7a? Roughly 100 yards before it fails. I've been at this 20 years and I've never seen FttD so... This would mean that a reverse IP service can get me within 330ft of the end user correct?

 I need to run but play with this and learn plus have fun with it.

"Just Us", buy it

*I'll address the email just received now and thank you. 
 In my posts concerning religion, I never stated that I don't believe in God / Allah / Jehova, etc. What I said was, "I don't believe in organized religion". God / Allah / Jehova created me as an individual, not something mass produced like flip flops. My origin and destination are "specific", I didn't come with anyone and I'll leave quite the same.



 There are a few that are zealous, buy this and you don't need me.



Or read it here, I don't know your rig.


Now you have base $ / STACK YOUR DECK!


10 ZERO-COST WAYS TO INVEST IN YOURSELF THIS YEAR


# 1 – Take A Free Online Course And Learn A New Skill

Just because a course is free doesn’t mean there isn’t any value in it. Quite the contrary.
You can learn a brand new skill that can lead to a new career for free. You can also find courses that can help you move up in your current job if that’s what you want to do.

# 2 – Read A New Book Per Month (From Your Local Library)

It’s hard to believe but a little over eight years ago I got extremely interested in personal finance. Someone had told me about Dave Ramsey and so I decided to get a copy of his book The Total Money Makeover.
After reading that book, I was so enthralled with personal finance that I went to the library and one-by-one read every single personal finance book they had. This almost instantaneously had a positive impact on my finances and even spurred a side gig writing about personal finance. All this started with one free book.
Lately I’ve been reading fiction to try and spur a little more creativity in myself.
Don’t underestimate what reading books can do for yourself. Go the library and check out at least one new book each month.

# 3 – Take Advantage Of Free Workout Videos

If one of your New Year’s resolutions is to get into shape hold off on the gym membership. According to Statistic Brain the average monthly cost of a gym membership is $58 and a whopping 67% of memberships go unused!!!
While there’s nothing inherently wrong with having a gym membership the truth is more than half of people won’t use theirs after the first month. Instead of splurging on the gym try free workout videos at home.
If you can stick with your home workout videos for more than a month then consider a gym membership if still desired.

# 4 – Start A Side Business

Starting a side business is one way for you to increase your income and explore alternative career opportunities this year.
The most amazing thing about side businesses is that well, they’re done on the side! Finding a new way to earn money will cost you nothing but your time.
Ready to get started? Check out some of these posts for inspiration:

# 5 – Eat Healthier Food

Last year was the first year that I really started paying attention to what I ate. I grew up in a home where Pepsi was what we drank and supper consisted of meat and potatoes. I had never given much thought to what I was putting my body.
Only last year I had major energy slumps almost every day. I never felt “right” and knew there was opportunity for improvement in my health.
I tried a Whole30 and have pretty drastically changed what I put in my body. While it was tough at first I am so glad I stuck with the healthier habits and reaped the results.
Focusing on your health can be done inexpensively and is an area of improvement that will have a positive impact on all other areas of your life.

# 6 – Organize Your Home

Scientists have linked clutter to the inability to focus, an increase in mental stress, depression and even fatigue – affecting women more than men. If those aren’t good enough reasons to get organized this year then I don’t know what is!
Organizing your home is something that you can do in your free time and without spending a dime. Depending on the amount of clutter you have to deal with the initial cleanup process might feel stressful but after things are put in their places the rewards are enormous.
Aside from just receiving the mental benefits of an organized home you’ll also save money. Here are some statistics from the National Association of Professional Organizers:
  • More than half of Americans think they have $1,000 or more of unused stuff sitting in their homes
  • Americans spend $24 billion dollars each year to store their things
(You can read some more very fascinating clutter statistics here. Some will blow your mind!)

# 7 – Start A Budget

There’s a good chance that if you’re reading this blog you’re into improving your finances. If you haven’t already done so, starting a budget and tracking your expenses is a great start to better money management.
To get started set up a spreadsheet or use software like Personal Capital to track your spending over the past few months. From there you’ll be able to see what categories your spending lies and what needs adjustment.
Here are some helpful posts:

# 8 – Contact One New Person Per Week

“Your network is your net worth.”
The first time I heard that quote it made me cringe. I instantly thought of men and women dressed in business suits with fake smiles plastered on their faces walking around shaking hands of strangers like they’re politicians. But…..the more I’ve thought about this quote the more I realize it’s true.
Almost all of the work I’ve landed over the past few years has come from developing relationships with others. And not just shallow, I’ll scratch your back you scratch mine, type of relationships but ones that have been built off time and trust. Without these connections I wouldn’t be where I’m at today.
If you want to move up in your career you’re going to need the help of other people, which means you need to network! Try contacting one new person per week via email or phone. Go to lunch with new people and look for ways to genuinely connect with others in your field.

# 9 – Make a Get Out of Debt Plan

If you have debt make 2017 the year you get out from under it. Creating and implementing a get out of debt plan is one of the best thing you can for your finances, especially if you have high interest debt.

# 10 – Have a Weekly Goal Setting and Check-Up Day

Planning your week is one surefire way to be more intentional with your time and accomplish more this year. Having a day every week where you set goals and check up on yourself can help you do this.
Pick a day and time for planning and goal setting. Doing this will have a profound impact on your life this year.
*Sounds too simple doesn't it? Leave anyone not moving in a constructive direction alone.
The college investor 

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